Kompleks zamkowy w Malborku wzniesiony przez Zakon Szpitala Najświętszej Maryi Panny Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie, zwany w Polsce Krzyżakami- dzieło gotyckiej architektury obronnej- jest największym i tak dobrze zachowanym ceglanym zamkiem na świecie. Już w 1804 roku król pruski uznał zamek za zabytek, co zahamowało proces degradacji i stało się punktem wyjścia do trwającej od 200 lat konserwacji i restauracji. Prowadzone przy nim prace są przykładem, jak tworzyła się i ewoluowała nowoczesna doktryna konserwatorska.
Budowę zamku rozpoczęto w 1274 roku. Podboje krzyżackie na Pomorzu i w Prusach oraz umacnianie się pozycji zakonu sprawiły, że zamek od 1309 roku był stolicą państwa krzyżackiego, a od 1324 roku siedzibą Wielkiego Mistrza. Niezbędna w tej sytuacji rozbudowa zamku sprawiła, ze do końca XIV w. powstał wzdłuż rzeki Nogat ogromny kompleks budowli. Tworzą go: Zamek Wysoki z kościołem Najświętszej Maryi Panny, będący domem braci-rycerzy, Zamek Średni z Wielkim Refektarzem i pałacem Wielkiego Mistrza pełniący funkcje centrum administracyjnego państwa zakonnego oraz Zamek Niski stanowiący zaplecze gospodarcze zespołu.
Po upadku Zakonu Krzyżackiego zamek stał się siedzibą polskiego starostwa, a po rozbiorach Polski mieściły się w nim pruskie koszary i magazyny. W 1817 roku rozpoczęto prace konserwatorskie, które trwały z przerwami ponad sto lat. Prowadzili je wybitni konserwatorzy niemieccy. Zamek, uszkodzony w 1945 roku w wyniku działań wojennych, został ponownie odrestaurowany, na podstawie szczegółowej dokumentacji opracowanej przez jego wcześniejszych konserwatorów i jest poddawany systematycznej konserwacji.
Wnętrza zamku, obecnie mieszczące ekspozycje muzealne, zadziwiają rozwiązaniami konstrukcyjnymi. Szczególnie interesujący jest Wielki Refektarz i Refektarz Letni w pałacu Wielkiego Mistrza ze wspaniałymi sklepieniami palmowymi. Ta ostatnia komnata, w której względy reprezentacyjne przesłoniły obronne, należy do najelegantszych wnętrz europejskich z 2. połowy XIV w.
[ENGLISH]
This 13th-century fortified monastery belonging to the Teutonic Order was substantially enlarged and embellished after 1309, when the seat of the Grand Master moved here from Venice. A particularly fine example of a medieval brick castle, it later fell into decay, but was meticulously restored in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the conservation techniques now accepted as standard were evolved here. Following severe damage in the Second World War it was once again restored, using the detailed documentation prepared by earlier conservators.
Malbork Castle is located in the north of Poland, on the east bank of the River Nogat. It is the most complete and elaborate example of a Gothic brick-built castle complex in the characteristic and unique style of the Teutonic Order. The style exemplified here evolved independently from those which prevailed in contemporary castles in western Europe and the Near East. This spectacular fortress bears witness to the phenomenon of the Teutonic Order state in Prussia. The state was founded in the 13th century by German communities of military monks who carried out crusades against the pagan Prussians and Lithuanians living on the south Baltic coast, as well as against the Christian Kingdom of Poland. It reached its greatest influence in the 14th century. The castle-convent embodies the drama of late medieval Christianity, straining between extremes of sanctity and violence.
Since the second half of the 18th century, Malbork Castle has provided one of the major sources of fascination with European medieval history and its material remains. Its recent past also illustrates the tendency to treat history and its monuments as instruments in the service of political ideologies.
From the 19th century to the present day, Malbork Castle has been the subject of restoration work that has made an exceptional contribution to the development of research and conservation theory and practice in this part of the world. During the course of this work many forgotten medieval art and craft techniques have been rediscovered. Extensive conservation works were carried out in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Following the severe damage it incurred in the final stage of the Second World War, the castle was restored once again.
Apart from its legacy as a material remain, Malbork Castle is also deeply rooted in social consciousness as a significant and emotional symbol of the history of Central Europe.
[ENGLISH]
This 13th-century fortified monastery belonging to the Teutonic Order was substantially enlarged and embellished after 1309, when the seat of the Grand Master moved here from Venice. A particularly fine example of a medieval brick castle, it later fell into decay, but was meticulously restored in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the conservation techniques now accepted as standard were evolved here. Following severe damage in the Second World War it was once again restored, using the detailed documentation prepared by earlier conservators.
Malbork Castle is located in the north of Poland, on the east bank of the River Nogat. It is the most complete and elaborate example of a Gothic brick-built castle complex in the characteristic and unique style of the Teutonic Order. The style exemplified here evolved independently from those which prevailed in contemporary castles in western Europe and the Near East. This spectacular fortress bears witness to the phenomenon of the Teutonic Order state in Prussia. The state was founded in the 13th century by German communities of military monks who carried out crusades against the pagan Prussians and Lithuanians living on the south Baltic coast, as well as against the Christian Kingdom of Poland. It reached its greatest influence in the 14th century. The castle-convent embodies the drama of late medieval Christianity, straining between extremes of sanctity and violence.
Since the second half of the 18th century, Malbork Castle has provided one of the major sources of fascination with European medieval history and its material remains. Its recent past also illustrates the tendency to treat history and its monuments as instruments in the service of political ideologies.
From the 19th century to the present day, Malbork Castle has been the subject of restoration work that has made an exceptional contribution to the development of research and conservation theory and practice in this part of the world. During the course of this work many forgotten medieval art and craft techniques have been rediscovered. Extensive conservation works were carried out in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Following the severe damage it incurred in the final stage of the Second World War, the castle was restored once again.
Apart from its legacy as a material remain, Malbork Castle is also deeply rooted in social consciousness as a significant and emotional symbol of the history of Central Europe.
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